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初中非謂語動詞教案

時間:2023-04-01 09:40:19 教案 我要投稿
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初中非謂語動詞教案

  教師在寫教案時,一定從實際出發(fā),要充分考慮從實際需要出發(fā),要考慮教案的可行性和可操作性。該簡就簡,該繁就繁,要簡繁得當。

初中非謂語動詞教案

  初中非謂語動詞教案

  一. 非謂語動詞種類及句法功能

  (一)概述:

  在英語中,不作句子謂語,但仍具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現(xiàn)在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。

  (二)非謂語動詞的句法功能

  1)邏輯主語

  為了強調是誰發(fā)出的一個動作,我們往往要有主語來明確表現(xiàn)。由于非謂語動詞在句中不做謂語,所以強調誰發(fā)出的動作就不明顯。但它又有動詞的某些特征,在這種情況下,就有了其邏輯上的主謂關系。在英語中,

  非謂語動詞的邏輯主語各有其不同的表現(xiàn)方式,也是?嫉囊粋語法項目,尤其是動名詞和分詞的邏輯主語,F(xiàn)在來簡要分析一下在不定式、動名詞和分詞中的邏輯主語。

  ① 不定式的邏輯主語是同過介詞of 和for來體現(xiàn)的。這兩個介詞使用的區(qū)別是:當表語是表示主語的性質或特征時(如:good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等),我們使用of; 其它的使用for。請看例句:

  It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他們拒絕這個建議很不明智。

  It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 難為你這么慷慨留我們過夜。

  It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我們很榮幸參加這個大會。

  It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子們在水庫里游泳很危險。

 、 動名詞的邏輯主語是在動名詞前用名詞或代詞來表現(xiàn)的。在句首時一般要使用所有格,在句中一般使用其通格。例如:

  Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw.

  瑪麗的不斷嘮叨已經使她丈夫很煩,她母親來和他們一塊住更使他們的關系雪上加霜。

  Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher.

  小李的遲到讓老師很惱火。

  Our sole worry is (you) your relying on youself too much.

  我們唯一的擔心是你這個人太相信自己了。

  They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together.

  他們堅持要小王和他們一塊走。

 、 分詞的邏輯主語有兩種:一是懸垂分詞的邏輯主語,其二是獨立主格結構的邏輯主語。在懸垂結構中,分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,如果兩者不能構成邏輯上的一致關系則該句結構是錯誤的.如:

  Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 從太空看起來,地球像個蘭色的球體。

  這個懸垂結構seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …

  Laughing and chatting, the puples left school for home. 孩子們說說笑笑回家去了。

  同上述結構一樣,Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, …

  獨立主格結構與懸垂結構不同的是獨立結構有自己的主語。這個主語有名詞或代詞通格來表示,放于分詞之前,與分詞形成邏輯上的主謂關系。例如:

  So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

  這么多同志都缺席了,所以會議只得延期。

  We all went home, he remaining behind. 我們都回家了,只有他留在后面。

  Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天氣許可,我們下周去郊游。

  The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下課了,老師把學生打發(fā)走了。

  The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后,我們就都回家去了。

  With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 歲著樹的不斷長高,樹陰也越來越濃密了。

  Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.

  把一切考慮在內,這個計劃看起來可行。

  They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他們挑燈夜戰(zhàn)。

  2)賓語

  第一類是有些動詞之后面只能使用動名詞做賓語。這些動詞有:admit(承認),acknowledge, appreciate(感激), avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, excuse, evade, face, finish, facilitate, fancy, favor, forgive, can’t help, imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, pardon, resent, resist, require, risk, stand, suggest, understand, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent … (from), keep … from, stop …(from, protect … from, set about, be engaged in, spend … (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like等等。如:

  They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。

  We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。

  He is considering changing a job. 他正在考慮換個工作。

  第二類是既能帶動名詞又能帶不定式作賓語的動詞:attempt, begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, like, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. 具體使用情形請看下述詳細解釋:

 、 在begin, start, continue, like, hate, cease等后可以使用兩種結構,無有區(qū)別。如:

  Will you continue gardening/to garden after dinner? 飯后你繼續(xù)干花園的活,好嗎?

  She likes to be flattered/being flattered. 她喜歡別人奉承她。

 、 need, want, require, deserve等動詞表示“需要,值得”時,有兩種結構可以用:一是使用動名詞的主動式表被動;二是使用不定式的被動式。兩者沒有意義上的區(qū)別。如:

  The flowers want watering. = The flowers want to be watered. 花該澆水了。

  My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut. 我的頭發(fā)該理了。

  His performance deserves praising. = His performance deserves to be praised.

  他的工作應該受到表揚。

 、 remember, forget, regret等后面使用動詞不定式表示未發(fā)生的動作;而使用動名詞時表示已經發(fā)生的動作。如:

  I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.

  我很遺憾地通知你我們無法安排你的就業(yè)。

  I regret being unable to help you. 我很遺憾當時未能幫你。

  Don’t forget to post the letter on your way to work. 別忘了上班的路上把信寄走。

  I forget posting the letter you gave me thins morning. 我忘了把你今天早上給我的信發(fā)走。

 、 try后跟動名詞表示“試一試”;和動詞不定式連用表示“努力,試圖”。

  This foreign guest tried writing with the Chinese brush. 這位外國客人試著用毛筆寫字。

  He tried to cheat the old man out of his money. 他試圖騙這老頭的錢。

  ⑤ mean, intend后跟動名詞表示“意味著”;接不定式表示“打算”。如:

  Today, I intend to finish reading this book. 今天我打算讀完這本書。

  What he said at the meeting means his going abroad next year.

  他在會上說的意思是他要出國。

 、 prefer后使用動名詞還是不定式有這么兩種情況:當我們談論一般情況時和當我們說在兩種活動之間更喜歡哪一種的時候,一般使用動名詞;另一種是和不定式連用,一般用來引導另一個短語。如:

  Do you like swimming? ------- Yes, but I prefer sailing.

  你喜歡游泳嗎?--- 當然。但是我更喜歡駕駛帆船。

  Can I give a lift? ----No, thanks, I would prefer to walk.

  你順便坐我的車走好么?---- 不用了,謝謝!我喜歡步行。

  I prefer reading to going shoping on weekends. 周末我喜歡讀點書,不喜歡逛街。

  I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s. 我覺得與其開車跑那么遠到你母親那里過周末,倒不如在家更好些。

 、 allow, advise, forbid, permit等在沒有人做賓語的情況下接動名詞;如果有人做賓語時則用不定式。如:

  Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room. 對不起,教室不準抽煙。

  We don’t allow people to smkoe here. 我們不許人們在這里抽煙。

  I wouldn’t advise taking the car --- there’s nowhere to park.

  我不建議開車去,因為沒有停車的地方。

  I wouldn’t advise you to take the car. 我勸你不要開車去。

  第三類是帶to的短語。而實際上這個to是介詞,如果不加區(qū)分,一律把它看作是動詞不定式的小品詞的話,很容易判斷失誤。這一類的短語主要有:attribute … to, owe … to, devote … to, contribute … to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, oppose to, in addition to等。如:

  I am looking forward to hearing from her as soon as possible.

  我在盼望著盡快收到她的來信。

  He strongly opposed to traveling by air. 他強烈反對乘飛機。

  3)動詞不定式和分詞用做賓語補足語

  動詞不定式和分詞都可以用做賓語補足語來補充說明賓語的動作和狀態(tài)。其區(qū)別在于不定式表示一個完整的動作,而分詞則表示一個完整動作的過程。如:

  I sawe her get on the tractor and drive it away. 我看見她上了拖拉機把它開走了。

  I smelled something burning in the kitchen. 我聞到廚房什么東西有股糊味。

  一般而言,能這樣用的動詞分為兩類:第一類動詞既可后接不定式又可接現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞:接不定式時表示一個完整的動作;接現(xiàn)在分詞時表示賓語是動作的發(fā)出者,表示一個完整動作的一個過程;而接過去分詞時,賓語則成為動作的承受者。這類動詞有:see, hear, make, let, have, watch, feel, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to。如:

  I heard somebody sing an English song in the next room.(表示一個完整的動作)

  I hear somebody singing an English song in the next room.(表示完整動作的一個片段)

  I heard an English song being sung in the next room.(表示完整動作的一個片段)

  I heard an English song sung in the next room.(表示一個完整的動作)

  第二類動詞一般表示“致使”,要用分詞做補足語:have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。

  The sight of the inviting melon in such a hot summer day set me watering.

  在這么炎熱的夏天看到那些誘人的西瓜著實令我口水直流。

  You won’t catch me doing that again. 我絕不會再做那事了。

  His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose.

  他的一番話禁不住讓我疑惑他的真實意圖。

  The smoke started her coughing. 煙嗆得她直咳嗽。

  4)動詞不定式和分詞用作狀語

  根據對非謂語動詞詞性的分析,大家知道,動詞不定式和分詞同時還具有副詞的詞性特征,因此能在句子中充當狀語。

  與分詞不同的是,動詞不定式在句中做狀語時,主要表示目的、結果、原因;而分詞做狀語主要表示時 間、原因、條件、讓步、結果、目的、伴隨等。

  一般判別二者之間的區(qū)別使用是根據不同的標志詞來確定的,或者說用marker來確定它們。例如,動詞不定式表示目的的有in order to, so as to。表示結果的有:so … as to, such … as to, enough to, too … to等。請看例句:

  He shouted so as to be noticed.(目的)

  She started early in order to avoid the rushing crowds.(目的)

  Would you be so kind as to lend me your bike?(結果)

  He is such a fool as to think that his idle chat can influence others.(結果)

  The boy is old enough to look after himself.(結果)

  His eyesight is too poor to read such small letter.(結果)

  She wept to hear the news.(原因)

  I rejoiced to hear that my son had been admitted into the famous university.(原因)

  分詞的表現(xiàn)形式是通過懸垂結構的句意來判斷的,但是要請注意,懸垂結構中的邏輯主語一定是后面主句中的主語,檢驗的辦法就是用主句的主語很分詞結構還原成一個狀語從句。如:

 、 時 間

  Looking up suddenly, Robert saw a rainbow in the sky.

  Floating on water, a ship displaces an amount of water equal to its own wweight.

  Hearing the news that her son was rescued, she felt greatly relieved.

  ② 原因

  Not knowing how to pronounce the word “plough”, the Frenchman looked up it in a dictionary.

  Considering the importance of the experiment, they checked the result again and again.

  Living in a remote village, we rarely have visitors coming.

  ③ 條件

  This same thing, happening in the peacetime, would be a great disaster.

  Unless meeting with unexpected difficulties at the office today, I shall be home early tonight.

 、 讓步

  Granting the achievements to be great, we have no reason to be conceited.

  Walking and sleeping, he has the plan in his mind.

  The chemical composition of water is H2O, whether being solid, liquid or vapor.

 、 結果

  Their car was caught in the traffic jam, thus causing their delay.

  We introduced a lot of advanced devices, thus saving much time and labor.

  ⑥ 目的

  The people are working hard, striving to realize our country’s modernization.

  We held a meeting, marking the anniversary of his death.

 、 方式(也稱做伴隨)

  Theu stood by the roadside, watching the parade.

  She stood motionlessly vacantly, looking at the sea.

  They sat together, studying carefully the design of the new project.

  5)省略不定式小品詞to的情形

  在不定式中,小品詞to有時可以省略。主要在以下幾種情形中:

 、 在由make, let, see, feel, watch, have, hear, help, notice, observe, listen to, look at等動詞引出的作賓語補語的情況時。

 、 在介詞but, except, besides 后(動詞謂語必須是do,否則還需要小品詞to)。如;

  What do you like to do besides swim and play football?

  Before breakfast we have no class but (except) to read English aloud.

  When the enemy surrounded the house, they had no choice but to burn all the important documents.

 、 在had better, had best, had as good(寧可), would rather … than, would sooner … than, might as well, rather than后。如:

  He had as good study English instead of German. 他寧可學英語也不愿意學德語。

  They would rather try and fail than give it up. 他們寧愿試了失敗也不愿意輕易放棄。

  Let’s finish the work now rather than leave it off till tomorrow.

  我們最好今晚把這活干完也別推到明天。

  He resigned rather than take part in such a diahonest transaction.

  他寧愿辭職也不愿干這樁骯臟的交易。

  I would rather die standing than live kneeling. 我寧愿站著死不愿跪著生。

 、 在下列固定詞組中。

  We’ll have to make do with dry bread. 我們用干面包湊合吧。

  He made believe he was innocent. 他假裝無辜。

  Don’t let slip such a good opportunity to learn. 不要丟失這樣一個好機會。

  He let go (of) the rope. 我松了繩子。

  I hear say that there’ll be an earthquake soon. 我聽說不久要有地震。

  Don’t let there be any noise. 不要再制造噪音了。

  二、非謂語動詞考查點

  1) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的判斷

  對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨立主格結構,如:

  1. All flights ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

  A. had been canceled B. have been canceled

  C. were canceled D. having been canceled

  【答案】D。

  【解析】獨立主格結構做狀語表示原因。

  2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇

  謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是語法測試中的一個題點。如:

  1. I don’t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

  A. you to delay making B. your delaying making

  C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make

  【答案】B。

  【解析】這是一個帶有邏輯主語的動名詞結構。依據前面所講,邏輯主語應是一個帶有形容詞性的物主代詞,其后的動詞delay也應該是一個動名詞。

  3) 做定語的非謂語動詞的選擇

  從近幾年的考查情況來看,對做定語的非謂語動詞的考查有兩種情況:對一般概念的考查,而不是固定結構中的非謂語動詞做定語。

  4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇: 做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇,如: ______ from the outer space, our earth looks like a water-covered ball.

  A. Having seen   B. Seeing   C. Seen   D. Having been seen

  【答案】C。

  【解析】根據分詞結構的邏輯主語分析,選項A、B、D都不能和主句中的主語構成邏輯的主謂一致的關系。惟有選項C是正確答案。

  從以上各題來看,考查的側重點有:

  (1)狀語類別的判斷:不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同,目的狀語要求用不定式,如②。

  (2)非謂語動詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關系:根據主謂關系或動賓關系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。

  (3)非謂語動詞的否定形式:not否定非謂語動詞時置于非謂語動詞之前,如③。

  (4) 獨立成分:有些非謂語動詞的使用不受與句子主語關系的限制,稱為獨立成分,這類成 分只記憶即可。如: generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

  5) 做補足語的非謂語動詞的選擇

  做賓語補足語的非謂語動詞受謂語動詞的限制,不同動詞后的賓語補足語形式要求不同。近幾年對各類賓補都有考查。如:

  They are going to have the service man ________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

  A. install    B. to install   C. to be installed   D. installed

  【答案】A。

  【解析】have 之后的賓語如果是補足語的發(fā)出者時,則應使用動詞原形。

  6) 做表語的非謂語動詞的選擇

  表語的考查多側重于分詞做表語形式的選擇,很少有動名詞的用法的考查,雖然選項中有不定式作為干擾項,只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如:

  These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.

  A. unrecorded    B. to be unrecorded

  C. unrecording    D. to have been unrecorded

  【答案】A。

  【解析】分詞做表語可以做系動詞be的表語,也可以做其它系動詞的表語,如go, feel, seem, look, remain等等。這些系動詞后非謂語動詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。

  7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號的選擇

  to可以是介詞,也可以用來引導不定式,英語各類考試中對此用法的考查也比較多。如:

  The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.

  A. have told   B. be told   C. being told   D. having told

  【答案】D。

  【解析】這類考題的考查方式有兩種,一是四個選項中有兩個相對的選項to do something 和 to doing something,這時考查的自然是to的性質;另一種是to在題干中。

  8) 分詞前連詞的使用

  分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了,使考生更加準確地理解試題。考查有兩種情況:

  (1) 根據連詞選擇適當?shù)姆衷~形式

  Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.

  A. scolding   B. to scold   C. having scolded   D. scolded

  【答案】D。

  【解析】when的使用說明非謂語動詞做時 間狀語,答案不可能是B,從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關系來看,應該是動賓關系,所以答案是D。

  (2)根據狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞

  Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed.

  A. like   B. so   C. which   D. as

  【答案】D。

  【解析】由上下文的意思可以看出,分詞所做的是方式狀語,連詞應該是as。

  9) 非謂語動詞的體

  非謂語動詞中分詞的體有完成體和進行體,即having done, having been done和being done,完成體只用于做狀語的場合,而進行體可以用于做定語和做補足語。

  動名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結構主要用于做主語和賓語的場合。 不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done,主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結構中。如:

  I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.

  A. to get worse    B. to be getting worse

  C. to have got worse    D. getting worse

  【答案】D。

  【解析】從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個漸變過程,所以用不定式的進行體。

  10)動名詞復合結構

  動名詞符合結構可以做主語、賓語和表語,在對動名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語包括進來,形成動名詞的復合結構:

  _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

  A. The girl was educated   B. The girl educated

  C. The girl’s being educated   D. The girl to be educated

  【答案】D。

  【解析】本題涉及題眼比較多,A,為從句做主語,但缺少that,D為不定式做主語,但缺少for(for the girl to be educated),B結構不能做主語,答案是C,為動名詞的復合結構。

  一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能

  (一)概述:

  在英語中,不作句子謂語,但仍具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞,叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式(the Infinitive);動名詞(the Gerund);現(xiàn)在分詞(the Present Participle);過去分詞(the Past Participle)。

  (二)非謂語動詞的句法功能

  1)邏輯主語

  為了強調是誰發(fā)出的一個動作,我們往往要有主語來明確表現(xiàn)。由于非謂語動詞在句中不做謂語,所以強調誰發(fā)出的動作就不明顯。但它又有動詞的某些特征,在這種情況下,就有了其邏輯上的主謂關系。在英語中,非謂語動詞的邏輯主語各有其不同的表現(xiàn)方式,也是?嫉囊粋語法項目,尤其是動名詞和分詞的邏輯主語,F(xiàn)在來簡要分析一下在不定式、動名詞和分詞中的邏輯主語。

  ① 不定式的邏輯主語是同過介詞of 和for來體現(xiàn)的。這兩個介詞使用的區(qū)別是:當表語是表示主語的性質或特征時(如:good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等),我們使用of; 其它的使用for。請看例句:

  It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他們拒絕這個建議很不明智。

  It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 難為你這么慷慨留我們過夜。

  It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我們很榮幸參加這個大會。

  It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子們在水庫里游泳很危險。

 、 動名詞的邏輯主語是在動名詞前用名詞或代詞來表現(xiàn)的。在句首時一般要使用所有格,在句中一般使用其通格。例如:

  Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw.

  瑪麗的不斷嘮叨已經使她丈夫很煩,她母親來和他們一塊住更使他們的關系雪上加霜。

  Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher.

  小李的遲到讓老師很惱火。

  Our sole worry is (you) your relying on youself too much.

  我們唯一的擔心是你這個人太相信自己了。

  They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together.

  他們堅持要小王和他們一塊走。

 、 分詞的邏輯主語有兩種:一是懸垂分詞的邏輯主語,其二是獨立主格結構的邏輯主語。在懸垂結構中,分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語,如果兩者不能構成邏輯上的一致關系則該句結構是錯誤的.如:

  Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 從太空看起來,地球像個蘭色的球體。

  這個懸垂結構seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …

  Laughing and chatting, the puples left school for home. 孩子們說說笑笑回家去了。

  同上述結構一樣,Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, …

  獨立主格結構與懸垂結構不同的是獨立結構有自己的主語。這個主語有名詞或代詞通格來表示,放于分詞之前,與分詞形成邏輯上的主謂關系。例如:

  So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

  這么多同志都缺席了,所以會議只得延期。

  We all went home, he remaining behind. 我們都回家了,只有他留在后面。

  Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天氣許可,我們下周去郊游。

  The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下課了,老師把學生打發(fā)走了。

  The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后,我們就都回家去了。

  With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 歲著樹的不斷長高,樹陰也越來越濃密了。

  Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.

  把一切考慮在內,這個計劃看起來可行。

  They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他們挑燈夜戰(zhàn)。

  2)賓語

  第一類是有些動詞之后面只能使用動名詞做賓語。這些動詞有:admit(承認),acknowledge, appreciate(感激), avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, excuse, evade, face, finish, facilitate, fancy, favor, forgive, can’t help, imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, pardon, resent, resist, require, risk, stand, suggest, understand, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent … (from), keep … from, stop …(from, protect … from, set about, be engaged in, spend … (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like等等。如:

  They haven’t finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。

  We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。

  He is considering changing a job. 他正在考慮換個工作。

  第二類是既能帶動名詞又能帶不定式作賓語的動詞:attempt, begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, like, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. 具體使用情形請看下述詳細解釋:

 、 在begin, start, continue, like, hate, cease等后可以使用兩種結構,無有區(qū)別。如:

  Will you continue gardening/to garden after dinner? 飯后你繼續(xù)干花園的活,好嗎?

  She likes to be flattered/being flattered. 她喜歡別人奉承她。

 、 need, want, require, deserve等動詞表示“需要,值得”時,有兩種結構可以用:一是使用動名詞的主動式表被動;二是使用不定式的被動式。兩者沒有意義上的區(qū)別。如:

  The flowers want watering. = The flowers want to be watered. 花該澆水了。

  My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut. 我的頭發(fā)該理了。

  His performance deserves praising. = His performance deserves to be praised.

  他的工作應該受到表揚。

 、 remember, forget, regret等后面使用動詞不定式表示未發(fā)生的動作;而使用動名詞時表示已經發(fā)生的動作。如:

  I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.

  我很遺憾地通知你我們無法安排你的就業(yè)。

  I regret being unable to help you. 我很遺憾當時未能幫你。

  Don’t forget to post the letter on your way to work. 別忘了上班的路上把信寄走。

  I forget posting the letter you gave me thins morning. 我忘了把你今天早上給我的信發(fā)走。

 、 try后跟動名詞表示“試一試”;和動詞不定式連用表示“努力,試圖”。

  This foreign guest tried writing with the Chinese brush. 這位外國客人試著用毛筆寫字。

  He tried to cheat the old man out of his money. 他試圖騙這老頭的錢。

  ⑤ mean, intend后跟動名詞表示“意味著”;接不定式表示“打算”。如:

  Today, I intend to finish reading this book. 今天我打算讀完這本書。

  What he said at the meeting means his going abroad next year.

  他在會上說的意思是他要出國。

 、 prefer后使用動名詞還是不定式有這么兩種情況:當我們談論一般情況時和當我們說在兩種活動之間更喜歡哪一種的時候,一般使用動名詞;另一種是和不定式連用,一般用來引導另一個短語。如:

  Do you like swimming? ------- Yes, but I prefer sailing.

  你喜歡游泳嗎?--- 當然。但是我更喜歡駕駛帆船。

  Can I give a lift? ----No, thanks, I would prefer to walk.

  你順便坐我的車走好么?---- 不用了,謝謝!我喜歡步行。

  I prefer reading to going shoping on weekends. 周末我喜歡讀點書,不喜歡逛街。

  I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s. 我覺得與其開車跑那么遠到你母親那里過周末,倒不如在家更好些。

 、 allow, advise, forbid, permit等在沒有人做賓語的情況下接動名詞;如果有人做賓語時則用不定式。如:

  Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room. 對不起,教室不準抽煙。

  We don’t allow people to smkoe here. 我們不許人們在這里抽煙。

  I wouldn’t advise taking the car --- there’s nowhere to park.

  我不建議開車去,因為沒有停車的地方。

  I wouldn’t advise you to take the car. 我勸你不要開車去。

  第三類是帶to的短語。而實際上這個to是介詞,如果不加區(qū)分,一律把它看作是動詞不定式的小品詞的話,很容易判斷失誤。這一類的短語主要有:attribute … to, owe … to, devote … to, contribute … to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, oppose to, in addition to等。如:

  I am looking forward to hearing from her as soon as possible.

  我在盼望著盡快收到她的來信。

  He strongly opposed to traveling by air. 他強烈反對乘飛機。

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